Cherokee Heritage Press, Tahlequah, OK. Vol. At this time the missionaries conferred upon him the name of Renatus (Renewed) Charles Renatus Hicks. Major Ridge married Sehoyah (Susannah Catherine Wickett), daughter of Ar-tah-ku-ni-sti-sky ("Wickett") and Kate Parris, about 1800. Chamberlain Ridge and Dr. William Davis He passed away on 1839. The Cherokee leader Major Ridge is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears. Northrop/Northrup, and McNeir families. Original at the Smithsonian, This is some information Major Ridge's portrait is in the archives at the Smithsonian (Museum of American History-Major Ridge geo. Major Ridge's and John Ridge's portraits are in the Smithsonian Archives. Park Hill, OK Echota Cemetery (Harriet Gold It required the Cherokee to cede their remaining lands in the Southeast to the US and to relocate to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Andrew Jackson Ridge (1835 - 1890) - Genealogy Defense for Signing Treaty - school His Cherokee name signified "He who walks upon the Ridge", hence his English name. Son of Oganstota and Unknown Title: Wanda Elliott, jwdre@intellex.com3. Fashion and politics from Georgia-born designer Frankie Welch, Take a virtual tour of Georgia's museums and galleries. Major Ridge Tahchee married Susanna Wickett. Advised by his son John Ridge, Major Ridge came to believe the best way to preserve the Cherokee Nation was to get good terms from the U.S. government and preserve their rights in Indian Territory.
Family Tree FamilySearch - FamilySearch Free Family Trees and Ridge's nephew Stand Watie, the future Confederate general in the Civil War, was also targeted for assassination, but escaped, and during the war also served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation after Ross and the Union-supporters withdrew. Tory Altman. - Major Ridge and Susannah, New Echota (Cherokee Nation Capital 1825-1838), New State Gazette, printed January 15, 1840, Dottie's unedited article Ridge was said to have confronted Tecumseh after the meeting and warned that he would kill the chief if he tried to spread that message to the Cherokee.[9].
Watie, Stand | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture historical marker is in Smith Point, TX., near Galveston, TX. (Paul's two-year search of a lost and almost forgotten cemetery), Mount Tabor Indian Cemetery Arc Press of Cane Hill, Lincoln, Arkansas. [2], The Ridge was a prominent figure in Cherokee politics. McNeir Family (pictures) Taylor-Colbert, Alice. 1998. pp. But, Georgia efforts to suppress the Cherokee government and the pressure of rapidly expanding European-American settlements caused him to change his mind. Ridge was born into the Deer clan in the Cherokee town of Hiwassee along the Hiwassee River, an area later part of Tennessee.
Family Tree Maker | Family Tree Charts & Templates | Creately Title: George E. Miller, george_miller@hughes.net, Pres. a Dui Sga, William Hicks, Elihu Hicks, Elizabeth Walls Hicks, Sarah Elizabeth Gosadulsga Hicks, Sarah "gosaduisga" Hicks, Eliza Jan 20 1827 - Fortville, Red Clay, Spring Place, Murray Co., Cherokee Nation East, Georgia, USA, Nathan Nathaniel L Hicks, Nayehi Conrad (Wolf Clan). 1770, and died Aft. Dottie Ridenour's Major Ridge Home Page, "Ross [3] After the CherokeeAmerican wars, he changed his name to Ganundalegi, which in English was translated as "He Who Walks On The Ridge". Memorial Ceremony - A protg of the former warrior and Upper Towns chief James Vann, Hicks was one of the most influential leaders in the Nation during the period after the Chickamauga Wars to just past the first quarter of the 19th century. Last autumn he attended the council in Newtown for the last time. (Traditionally, Cherokee women farmed, and the men hunted, fished, conducted politics, and fought wars.) On his way home he was forced to camp in the woods and taken cold from the dampness. They were the last of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast to make the journey that became known as the "Trail of Tears," during which nearly 4,000 Cherokee died. been compiling on Major Ridge since 1998. Nevertheless, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate. New Georgia Encyclopedia, 12 November 2004, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/major-ridge-ca-1771-1839/. Born Dec. 23, 1767 in the town of Tomotly on the Hiwassee River, his parents are believed to be a white trader named Nathan Hicks and Nan-Ye-Hi, a half-blood Cherokee woman. Volume XXII, Number 2, 2005, Mt. Major Ridge was a wealthy Cherokee leader who had embraced white culture, owned slaves, and managed a plantation on Cherokee land that is now part of Rome, Georgia. Tecumseh urged his listeners to reject subservience to the United States, reject the white man's agrarian lifestyle, return to their traditional lifestyles, and take up weapons to defend their lands. 2003 SPUR AWARD WINNER, BEST ORIGINAL PAPERBACK 134. marble historical marker and grave are in the Polson [includes Worcester Cemetery and Ross Cemetery], Sarah (Ridge) Paschal Pix (circa 1854, age 40) a missionary, who translated the New Testament and hymns into . . Son of Nathan Hicks, Indian Trader and Nan-Ye-Hi Hicks "The lion who walks on the mountain top." dead. After the murders of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot (Treaty party members who supported the Old Settlers) in June 1839, the council had a change of heart about resisting Ross' autocratic demands and deposed Brown, replacing him with Looney. pub. Title: Dolores Cobb Phifer, twowolvesdancing@netcarrier.com10. Simple to use drag and drop tools to brainstorm and easily capture data on family ancestry. Sarah
"You cannot remain where you are now": Cherokee Resistance and He is buried in the Polson Cemetery, Grove, Oklahoma. Stand Watie and Elias Boudinot Family (pictures), Brig. Thurman Wilkins, Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People, 2d ed., rev.
Researching Major Ridge Historical records and family trees related to Major Attakullakulla. Death: August 17, 1890 (55) Berkeley, California, United States. Essex Register 1838, Boston Recorder - Moravian Mission Among The Cherokees At Springplace Ridge used Major as his first name for the rest of his life. This configuration is also supported by Miller application #7991 for Jennie Hicks nee Wilson who claims through her grand parents George and Lucy Hicks, her G-grandmother Lydia Chisholm [nee Halfbreed] and her great uncles and aunt's Ruth Beck, Anna French, Eli, William, Carrington, Charles and John Hicks all known children of William Hicks. The United Brethren's Missionary Intelligencer and Religious Miscellany - Biography of our late brother Charles Renatus Hicks, Second principal chief of the Cherokee nation, who departed this life, January 20th, 1827, at Fortville, in the Cherokee country. "Comet" after someone found Elias Memorial Ceremony - Hicks served as interpreter to U.S. The terms of the treaty were strictly enforced, and those Cherokees (and their African American slaves) who remained on tribal lands in the East were forcibly rounded up by the U.S. government in 1838, and began a journey popularly known as the "Trail of Tears". The latter had promised to spare the post if the three white men who lived there surrendered. As a warrior, he fought in the CherokeeAmerican wars against American frontiersmen. Ridge had killed his father Chief Doublehead under orders by the National Council. On December 22, 1835, Ridge was one of the signers of the Treaty of New Echota, which exchanged the Cherokee tribal land east of the Mississippi River for land in what is now Oklahoma. Tabor Indian Cemetery (History and Comfort Cemetery (pictures), John of Oklahoma), Historical Marker Believing that they had succeeded in the civilization process by establishing a government on a U.S. model, Cherokees like the Ridges were shocked when the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Bill of 1830 and Georgia implemented a lottery to dispense Cherokee lands shortly thereafter. Brother of Oowatie (Oo-Watie) David Watie, Not the son of Tarchee "Dutch" The Long Warrior Telico Bird Clan, Kah-nung-da-tla-geh, "the man who walks the mountain top", was known as "The Ridge" and later Major Ridge, for his participation in the Creek War 1813-1814. Major Ridge, The Ridge (and sometimes Pathkiller II) (c. 1771 - 22 June 1839) (also known as Nunnehidihi, and later Ganundalegi) was a Cherokee leader, a member of the tribal council, and a lawmaker.
Free Family Trees FamilySearch Major Ridge, John . Ridge was the first to reach maturity. The first acquaintence of the Brethren with him was formed on a visit, undertaken by the Brethren Abraham Steiner and Frederick Christian von Schweinitz from Salem, North Carolina, to the Cherokee country. Stand Watie served as Principal Chief (1862-1866) of the pro-Confederate Cherokee after Ross and many Union-supporters withdrew to another location. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. Cherokee with the help of Samuel Worcester. The plantation consisted of nearly three hundred cleared acres; its main cash crops were corn, tobacco, and cotton. This was a civil war within the Creek Nation between the Upper Towns and Lower Towns, who differed in their interaction with European Americans and hold on to tradition. Title: http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/h/i/c/James-R-Hicks/BOOKPage: Part three9. [9] The family appears on the 1835 Cherokee census, living on the Ustenali River (now Georgia). Doaksville 1865, Stand Watie's "Iron Portrait by Charles Bird King in Washington Under increasing pressure for removal from the federal government, Ridge and others of the Treaty Party signed the controversial Treaty of New Echota of 1835. [7] Frontiersmen pursued Ridge's band, catching them at Coyatee (near the mouth of the Little Tennessee River). Major Ridge and Oo-wa-tie, or The Ancient, were full blood Cherokees of the Deer clan. See other search results for Major 'Ca-Nun-Tah-Cla-Kee' Ridge Ready to discover your family story? Researchers from the University of Oxford's Big Data Institute have taken a major step towards mapping the entirety of genetic relationships among humans: a single genealogy that traces the ancestry of all of us. Elizabeth Paschal O'Connor Georgia, on 12/29/1835. Upon Pathkiller's death in 1827, Hicks became the first mixed-blood to become Cherokee Principal Chief, but died on January 20, 1827, just two weeks after assuming office. After the CherokeeAmerican wars, the Ridges lived in the Cherokee town of Oothcaloga. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. On December 29, 1835, Ridge made his mark on the Treaty of New Echota, which ceded the remainder of Cherokee tribal land east of the Mississippi River for land in Indian Territory, to be supplemented by the payment of annuities for a period of time, plus support from the government in terms of supplies, tools and food. In an 1826 letter to John Ross, Charles Hicks wrote about events in Cherokee history that occurred during his youth, including his encounters with Oconostota, Attacullaculla, and the early European trader Cornelius Dougherty. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. War" in Texas (The Handbook of Texas Online), Cherokee Indians in Texas (The Handbook of Texas Online), Chief
Major John Ridge 1771-1839 - Ancestry 1) Charles' father Nathan was married to a Na-ye-hi not to Nancy Broom. June 26, 2004, Letter by John Adair Bell and Stand Watie to the Arkansas Gazette on the On reaching the proper age, he was initiated as a warrior. Because William did not impress the Cherokee as a leader, they elected Ross as permanent principal chief in October 1828, a position that he held until his death.
University of Oxford researchers create largest ever human family tree We Shall Years later, he allied with Jackson again.
Major Attakullakulla - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage Major Ridge , also Pathkiller II (c.1771 - June 22, 1839) was a Cherokee Indian leader and protg, along with Charles R. Hicks, of the noted figure James Vann. Starr, and others), Mt. Eastern And Western Cherokees, 301-306. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 28 January 2021), memorial page for Major Ridge (177122 Jun 1839), Find a Grave Memorial no. Falonah Plantation/Drew Cemetery/Refuge He was elected Second Principal Chief under Pathkiller in 1817, but after the "revolt of the young chiefs" two years later, partly over land deals, Hicks became de facto head of government with Pathkiller serving as a mere figurehead. The soldier, politician, and plantation owner is remembered for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which ceded Cherokee lands to the U.S. government and authorized Cherokee removal. He was the leader of the Ridge or Treaty Party. Major Ridge's name meant "The lion who walks on the mountain top." General Andrew Jackson called him " Major " because of a battle that Major Ridge fought in. 17711839) a mixed-blood, slave-owning leader of the Chickamuaga Cherokees in GeorgiaCherokee Phoenix article about Major, son John and nephew Elias Boudinot. Ridge/Watie Family tree, and several books about the Cherokee people. Note: I have been in touch with a few more Nathan HICKS researchers and also a few in Cherokee Genealogy and History research and they agree that Nancy Broom was married to Nathan's son - Charles. his marriage to a white woman, John Ridge - Poulson's American Daily Family Tree partners with all people to prevent and overcome the interconnected issues of child abuse,. In his youth, in consequence of a cold, an abcess formed in his leg, which induced him to go to South Carolina to be cured, where, under the blessing of God, he was happily restored. After the war, the Ridge family established a plantation on the Oostanaula River in present-day Rome. Later, Major Ridge led the Cherokee in alliances with General Andrew Jackson and the United States in the Creek and Seminole wars of the early 19th century. Title: http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/h/i/c/James-R-Hicks/BOOKPage: Part two8. Opponents strongly protested to the US government and negotiated a new treaty the following year, but were still forced to accept removal. Source: On his way home from Salem, Major Ridge stopped at Spring Place on January 22, 1827, and found the mission in mourning.
Major Ridge Tahchee 1771-1839 - Ancestry [15], In the West, the Ross faction blamed Ridge and the other signers of the Treaty of New Echota for the 4,000 deaths along the trail in the Removal, as well as the loss of communal lands, which was held to be a capital crime. (Signed by Ridge, Boudinot, Watie, William Rogers, Robert Rogers, Andrew Ross (brother of John Ross), Gunter, Fields, Adair, Starr, Bell, and John Ridge are buried next to each other in But, after the men agreed to surrender, Doublehead changed his mind and ordered that all the inhabitants be killed, including thirteen women and children. When he observed that civilization and christianity, that is, genuine faith in Christ Jesus and him crucified, and a consequent change of heart, went hand in hand, and progressed, he was highly delighted, and never was he happier than when he heard of the success of the gospel in the nation. Suppressed Report In Relation To Difficulties Between The Elected Second Principal Chief under Pathkiller in 1811, a political dispute two years later left Hicks as de facto top chief with Pathkiller serving as a mere figurehead. He became a leader of the Treaty Party, which favored removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River (in present-day Oklahoma), in exchange for financial compensation of $5 million to the Cherokees.
Family Tree - Cherokee Chiefs & Related Kin & Other Notable Cherokees Sa Dul Sga" Hicks, Meshack Hicks, William Abraham Hicks, Richard Fields Hicks, Unknown Hicks, Elizabeth Betsy Hicks, Mary Hicks, Ge Nathaniel (Nathan) Hicks Sr., Na-ye-hi "nancy" Hicks (born Conrad / Taylor), cks), Nathan Wolf Hicks, Sarah Elizabeth (Go-sa-du-i-s-ga) Brown (born Hicks), William Abraham Hicks, Principal Chief Of The Cherokee Nation, Nancy Elizabeth (Anna Felicitas) Hicks (born Broom), Ellis Hicks, Elijah Hicks, Elizabeth Field (born Hicks), Sarah Elizabeth Mccoy (born Hicks), Darlington, Darlington, South Carolina, United States, Darlington, Darlington County, South Carolina, United States, Chickamauga District, Georgia, United States, Cherokee () Principal Chiefs and Uka: Eastern, Western and Keetoowah, Charles Renatus Principal Chief of the Cherokee Hicks, Charles Renatus (Christian For Renewed) Hicks. Major Ridge Attakullakulla was born in 1771, at birth place, Tennessee, to Chief Tah . Many years he filled the office of Secretary in the nation. (Doyen) Ridenour (direct line/pictures), Major (Stand Watie stamp), Historical markers, The valuation of his property at the time of the removal west showed him to be the third richest man in the Cherokee Nation. Ridge was the third son born, but the first to survive to adulthood. Husband of Susannah Catherine Ridge [6] Starting with a log dogtrot house on the property, Ridge expanded the house to a two-story white frame house with extensions on either end. Murders of the Ridges and Boudinot, Woodall Cemetery the Polson Cemetery. Paul Ridenour, "Oblivion's Altar" - Historical fiction novel At age 21, Nunnehidihi was chosen as a member of the Cherokee Council. Advised by his son John Ridge, Major Ridge came to believe the best way to preserve the Cherokee Nation was to get good terms for their lands from the U.S. government before it was too late. gravestones, museums Part 1 Major Ridge Cherokee Chief (1771-1839) This is some information we've been compiling on Major Ridge since 1998. ", 1842 Cherokee Claims, Flint District IT, Claim #33, To Elijah, Betsey, Sarah, Jesse, Leonard, and Nancy, the heirs and widow of Charles R. Hicks deed' Residence in the old Nation, Frkville, Chickamauga Creek, (Valuation at Forkville) (list of losses) $8806.50 Nancy Hicks, the widow of Charles R. Hicks, deceased, makes oath that the above described premises and improvements were the property of her late husband, that he resided there until his death which was in the year 1827, and after his death she still resided on the premises peaceably and unmolested until the spring of 1834. Ah-Tah-Kon-Stis-Kee was Major Ridge's foster father and father-in-law. 2) Nancy Elizabeth Broom aka Anna Felicitas was married to Charles Renatus Hicks. He married a fellow Cherokee, Susanna Wickett, in the early 1790s, and they moved to Pine Log, in present-day Bartow County. Later Ridge was named Ganundalegi (other spellings include Ca-Nun-Tah-Cla-Kee, Ca-Nun-Ta-Cla-Gee, and Ka-Nun-Tah-Kla-Gee), meaning "The Man Who Walks On The Mountain Top Ridge." We help make that possible with the FamilySearch Family Tree, the world's largest online family treehome to information about more than 1.2 billion ancestors. In 1792, Ridge married Sehoya, also known as Suzannah Catherine Wickett, a mixed-blood Cherokee of the Wild Potato clan. Records of the Moravians Among the Cherokees. Essex Register 1824, Major Ridge and John Ridge letter to the WABE: This Day in History: Cherokee Land Ceded to Government in the Treaty of New Echota, PBS: American Experience: "We Shall Remain". They told him that he must meet with Chief Pathkiller at a Cherokee council in Turkeytown.[12]. 1817 - 1827, Assistant Principal Chief, under Pathkiller, Residence: October 1826, Chickamauga District, GA, Signer: February 27, 1819, Treaty of Washington. W. W. Harnage He acquired the title "Major" in 1814, during his service leading Cherokees alongside General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the Creek War. Other Treaty Party members were later killed, starting a wave of violence within the nation.[18]. Sarah Ridge's gravesite The Rediscovery of a Native American Cemetery 244-245 Crews & Starbuck, eds. The Ridge, "Gah-nuh-dah-tlah-gi," was born about 1771 at Hiwassee in the Cherokee Nation (East) the son of Oganstota and his unnamed wife. Asbury Cemetery The principal wife of Charles Hicks was Nancy, daughter of Chief Broom of Broomstown. His parents died when he was young. Ridge's letter - National WATIE, STAND (1806-1871). From his early years, Ridge was taught patience and self-denial, and to endure fatigue. Watty was "slow and weak in the mind. In addition he is rich, and his extensive establishment is beautifully set up." The Cherokee leader Major Ridge is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears.
The Ridge, aka Major Ridge Cherokee Indian Leader - RootsWeb Hicks had attended the council at New Echota the previous fall though badly ailing. Title: Mary Mansour, marymansour@bellsouth.net. https://americanindian.si.edu/static/nationtonation/pdf/Treaty-of-N https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q29K-PS1B, Birth of Nung-noh-hut-tar-bee Major Ridge Ridge, Death of Nung-noh-hut-tar-bee Major Ridge Ridge, Burial of Nung-noh-hut-tar-bee Major Ridge Ridge, "Pathkiller ll", "given name: Ca-Nun-Tah-Cla-Kee (The Man Who Walks on the Mountain Top)", "Until the end of the Chickamauga wars", "he was known as Nung-Noh-Tah-Hee", "meaning "He Who Slays The Enemy In His Path"", "The Ridge", "Major Ridge", "Gah-nuh-dah-thla-gi", The Ridge, Major Ridge, Gah-nuh-dah-thla-gi, Nancy Ridge - born circa 1801 Calhoun, GA - died circa 9/1818 - married William Ritchey or William Ritchie circa 1817.
Major Ridge (1771-1839) | Familypedia | Fandom (Before the 1793 campaigns, he had taken part in a horse-stealing raid against the Holston River settlements, where two European-American pioneers were killed.). close by.
Australopithecus afarensis - The Australian Museum ine Marie "caty" Hicks Miller Gann/ 5, 8, Nancy Na Ni Hicks, !, Nathan Wolf Hicks, Elsie Hicks, Chief Charles Renatus Hicks (Lo Nathan Hicks, Ne Yeah Hi Hicks (born Conrad). Before this tragic period in Cherokee history, however, he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Cherokee nation. Ridge was born near Hiwassee, Georgia, about 1791. At the time of Ridge's childhood, Cherokee society dictated that adolescent boys distinguish themselves in the endeavors of hunting and warfare to become a man. Multiple family tree templates to start quickly on genealogy research or build presentations. 3) In the Halfbreed 1-x & 1-1-x family groups Starr depicts Lydia Halfbreed and Charles Hicks as the parents of George Hicks; however, Starr's un-published notes, pg 146-147, and the entries for the Spring Place Students lead me to believe that the spouse of Lydia Halfbreed should have been listed as Charles' brother William, and George as their son. The white man shortened his name to Ridge. During this vast period of time our family tree grew to include many ancestors representing different species from our evolutionary past Death: AFT 1857Elsie Hicks: Birth: 1799 in Cherokee Nation East, Chickamauga District, Walker Cty., GA.. Death: 10 JUL 1834 in Barron Forks, Baron, Adair Cty., OKSarah Elizabeth Hicks: Birth: 11 JUN 1800 in Red Clay, Cherokee Nation E. TN. Ross and Major Ridge shared responsibilities for the affairs of the tribe. Ridge's Journey from Georgia to "Major Ridge." Our prayer to the Saviour was, that he would grant us grace, to remain in close communion with him, and to live in reliance upon his merits, till our work here below be completed, and he call us from this vail of tears to his heavenly kingdom. Hall. (1825, age 23) After 1838, the US government forcibly rounded up the remaining Cherokee (along with their slaves) on tribal lands. Go to the Family Tree. surrender. Major Ridge Major Ridge, The Ridge (and sometimes Pathkiller II) (c. 1771 - 22 June 1839) (also known as Nunnehidihi, and later Ganundalegi) was a Cherokee leader, a member of the tribal council, and a lawmaker. They married circa 1800. For those who wish to delve into this history the following are recommended: Wilkins, Thurman, Cherokee Tragedy, the Story of the Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People; Dale, Edward & LItton, Gaston, eds. The research of James R. Hicks [http://www.genealogy.com/users/h/i/c/James-R-Hicks-VA/BOOK-0001/002]: CHARLES RENATUS6 HICKS, CHIEF (NA-YE-HI5 CONRAD, JENNIE4 ANI'-WA'YA, OCONOSTOTA3, MOYTOY2, A-MA-DO-YA1) was born December 23, 1767 in Tamali, on the Hiwassee River, CNE [GA], and died January 20, 1827 in Fortville, CNE [GA]. [8] Although he did not read, write, or speak English, he and his family were friendly to the Moravian missionaries. During his absence the Cherokee had lost in quick succession their principal chiefs: the aged Pathkiller had died first and two weeks later Charles Hick's lay in a walnut coffin at Spring Place. [illegible]. The illegal treaty was then signed by President Jackson and passed by one vote in the U.S. Senate. The next year Ross negotiated changes with the US government, but essentially Cherokee removal was confirmed. The word of the cross became precious to his soul, and in August, 1812, he made known to Brother Gambold his desire to be baptised. 5075819, citing Polson Cemetery, Delaware County, Oklahoma, USA ; Maintained by Wes T. (contributor 48190645) . In June 1839, Major Ridge, his son John, and nephew Elias Boudinot, were assassinated by Cherokees of the Ross faction to remove them as political rivals and to intimidate the political establishment of the Old Settlers, which the Ridge faction had joined.
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