carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses

Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). 1979). This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. FOIA It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Then sheep will graze the thistle along with the grass. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. These thistles can be cultivated or manually removed when small. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. %%EOF Naturalized as a weed. endstream endobj startxref Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. 1980). were analyzed and characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). /Length 9 0 R subsp. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. L.Photo by G. Piper. Carduus pycnocephalus auct. 1979). Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. intermedius - C. p . (You can unsubscribe anytime. 1985. : This plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list. /app/up/entry/73/th/22000.jpg:!0000 0000 0108 1272:!/app/up/mg/44/th/13398.jpg:!/app/up/entry/29/th/8868.jpg:!/app/up/cbo/248/th/74532.jpg:!/app/up/mg/280/th/mg84205-2.jpg:!/app/up/mg/185/th/mg55602-2.jpg:!/app/up/io/39/th/io11908-0.jpg:!/app/up/gp/78/th/15673.jpg:!/app/up/entry/90/th/27010.jpg:!0000 0000 1104 0321:! [2][6] It is a C-listed weed by the California Department of Agriculture and a Moderate Invasive Plant rating by the California Invasive Plant Council. 0 GRAZING, Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in control- ling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Home | Contact | UW Privacy | UW Terms of Use. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. Carduus pycnocephalus is an annual herb that is not native to California. synonym auct. Medicinal properties Medicinal parts Has medicinal uses no Do not self-administer no Do no use if pregnant no Legally restricted no Toxicity precautions Medicinal notes . 3 Carpocoris mediterraneus.jpg 2,150 1,616; 1.79 MB C. bourgeanus-asp-2.jpg 2,448 3,264; 4.28 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-1.jpg 3,121 2,342; 1.79 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-2.jpg 2,048 1,536; 1.19 MB Flowerheads narrow and in terminal clusters of 1 to 5. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Nyman, Carduus pycnocephalus L., Carduus cephalanthus Viv.) A variety of herbicides have been used on C. pycnocephalus, but they give only temporary control (Wheatley and Collett 1981). The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive. [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Carduus pycnocephalus Name Synonyms Carduus arabicus subsp. Mechanical methods can be effective but must be done before the plant sets seed. Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). Bookshelf (2005) have reported the presence C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. 1986. 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. 1979). Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. (2019) identified these plants at Turkish thistle, Carduus cinereus. Its spiny leaves, stems, and phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Epub 2006 Nov 2. eCollection 2019. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). Ornano L, Venditti A, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res. Ready-to-Use Nutraceutical Formulations from Edible and Waste Organs of Algerian Artichokes. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). [3][4][5], Carduus pycnocephalus has become a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, Hawaii, and North America, especially in much of California. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. << Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies subsp. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). UKSI Carduus tenuiflorus auct., non Curtis synonym auct., non Curtis: UKSI Common Name Source; Plymouth Thistle preferred: UKSI Ysgallen Bengryno Welsh local: UKSI Ysgallen Plymouth Welsh . Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). arduus pycnocephalus L. Photo by A. Brousseau. University of California Press, Berkeley. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. Keywords: The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). 2019 May;161:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005. Carduus pycnocephalus Media in category " Carduus pycnocephalus " The following 141 files are in this category, out of 141 total. Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. It is a host species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles. Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. Due to the similarities of the two species, there may be more Turkish thistle near to where it has already been found that was misidentified as Italian thistle (Porter Introduction. This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle. In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Carduus nutans L. Photo by California Department of Food and Agriculture Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. [3], Flower heads are 2-5 per cluster, densely matted with cobwebby hairs at the base of the phyllaries and spiny towards the tips. It is foliar absorbed and trans- located, making it effective in destroying the roots. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an . Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation. Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. 1979). . Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. An official website of the United States government. 42: 1157. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. 0[ W d A$WXDHm@,[W DJ_gm "=a*mH. bg3_]@ Q$T5'^ ; Flavonoids; HPLC-PDA-MS/MS; ITS sequence; PCR-RFLP. pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. It is found in disturbed areas, often with basaltic soils, fertile soils, or soils with a relatively high pH (> 6.5).[5][7]. Authors: Don Pitcher and Mary J. Russo, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. Two fungi have been evaluated as agents on Italian thistle. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. Ex. Foodplant / internal feederlarva of Chaetostomella cylindrica feeds within capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / spot causeramphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia cynarae causes spots on live leaf of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Terellia serratulae feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / galllarva of Urophora solstitialis causes gall of capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Urophora stylata feeds on Carduus pycnocephalusRemarks: Other: uncertain. Bot. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other CARDUUS species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Chemicals such as Picloram and 2,4-D may be of some use in controlling the weed, but an integrated management program involving a combination of techniques will prove most effective. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). SEED DISPERSAL C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. CRUPY ). Introduced in Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, USA, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, PP1 - Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, PP3 - Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products, PM4 - Production of Healthy Plants for Planting, PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures, PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems, Regional Plant Protection Organizations / EU / EAEU, Carduus pycnocephalus ( Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. UFRGS,1-132,2020, Karlsson (2004-03-18 23:00:00) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr. Denn pidvme tisce novch obrzk. Carduus pycnocephalus Common Names: Italian thistle Evaluated on: 5/22/04 List committee review date: 08/07/2005 Re-evaluation date: Evaluator (s) John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). Italian thistle can facilitate fire spread and frequency by providing fuels in some habitats and creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival. 463 0 obj <>stream !Ct2eO@u%h&;4OL9%p=#$`05l6u+zL/=m=5gE+aSFWc$19#t30;`xePH41RcO5`+~+4/]Y. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. The multiple stems are winged with spines. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. 1982 . Before marmoratus - C. p . The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. 1982). Caffeoylquinic acids; Carduus spp. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. If there is reasonable ground cover during the late summer and autumn the thistle will not invade a site, but it will come in following overgrazing or creation of fire breaks (Parsons 1973). hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . Utilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results. Observation: Carduus pycnocephalus L. (florenza artale May 1, 2022) World flora (Species of the World flora) May 1, 2022 According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species.

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