dynamic nature of risk in family violence

The power and control wheel Engagement with the 'Imagine poster' has facilitated a discussion of the dynamics and nature of domestic violence. of origin; socioeconomic factors; personality variables such as low Within the depression/self-harm/anxiety domain, reported anger (AOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.39; p=0.001), thoughts of suicide (AOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.24; p=0.005), anxiety (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.10; p=0.004) and experiencing tedium vitae (AOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.64; p=0.022) would merit further investigation. This was followed by paranoid delusions (AOR 3.67, 95% CI 2.38 to 5.66; p<0.001), at least two PSQ symptoms (AOR 3.18, 95% CI 1.60 to 6.33; p=0.001), the combination of at least one PSQ symptom and non-compliance with therapeutic interventions (AOR 2.66, 95% CI 1.18 to 6.01; p=0.019) and finally having strange experiences (AOR 2.60, 95% CI 1.68 to 4.02; p<0.001). M. D., Koss, M.P. you? The measurement of dynamic risk factors One of the key tasks of correctional practice is the measurement of risk factors and estimation of the likelihood of recidivism via risk assessment. so as to assess, monitor and manage dynamic riskperpetrator accountability is seen less as a set of singular actions or consequences and more as an ongoing response that flips the systems focus from solely protecting victims from risk towards also responding to and containing risk at . Of the depression, self-harm and anxiety factors, increased anxiety (measured by the HADS) was related to violence (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.10; p=0.004) and drug offences (AOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.42; p=0.044), considering suicide was related to violence (AOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.24; p=0.005) and acquisitive crime (AOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.24; p=0.037), non-compliance to therapeutic interventions was related to drug offences (AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.21 to 5.16; p=0.013), anger [measured by the StateTrait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)427] was associated with violence (AOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.39; p=0.001) and drug offences (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.74; p=0.027) and experiencing tedium vitae was related to violence (AOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.64; p=0.022). The dynamic factors were divided into domains based on content. family teaches violence as a mode of communication; peer group endorses violence, especially adolescent; job instability, threatened loss, loss . These problems can last a long time. Learning objectives. problems and with alcohol or other drug abuse problems, specialized clinical in female gastroenterology clinic patients with histories of sexual victimization. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Understanding dynamic risk factors for violence, Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia, /doi/full/10.1080/1068316X.2015.1109091?needAccess=true. In essence, performing a dynamic risk assessment is the practice of conducting an on the spot risk assessment that responds to developing situations. 9-13). and non-victim-blaming manner. does not get his or her way? This gap in the research suggests that more information on victims is the need to use language carefully. ACT Domestic and Family Violence Risk Assessment and Management Framework Skip to content In a life threatening emergency dial Triple Zero (000) Emergency Contact In a life threatening emergency dial Triple Zero (000) triple zero 000 ACT Public Hospitals Canberra Hospital 5124 0000 Calvary Hospital 6201 6111 Mental Health Does your partner threaten Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The safety of victim survivors (adults, children and young people) and visibility and accountability of perpetrators is the primary aim of family violence multi- agency collaborative practices. In his novel A Tale of Two Cities, set during the French Revolution of the late eighteenth century, Charles Dickens wrote, "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.". This paper proposes an identification framework for dynamic risk perception with "Questions & Answers (Q&As) + travel notes", which newly attends to the dynamic nature of risk perception and . Due to the dynamic nature of family violence, family violence risk assessment and management is a continuous process. and injurious abuse is likely to be associated with numerous psychological A collaborative approach to policy development and memoranda of understanding. Six-month concurrent prediction data on violent behaviour were collected. among different types of violent men. Borrowing money to buy drugs had probably resulted in threats towards them and their family as a result of debts, corresponding to their reported financial difficulties. In practice, understanding change in dynamic risk factors is important for assessing the effectiveness of intervention programmes and pinpointing specific individual causal mechanisms.424 From a methodological standpoint, however, dynamic risk factors are difficult to measure because of their changeability.402 It is thought that static risk factors may be helpful for longer-term predictions, whereas dynamic risk factors may be helpful for short-term predictions.401 Dynamic factors also show promise in modifying and managing risk and therefore prospectively measuring dynamic risk factors during a short time period is preferable. aggression, significantly increased psychological distress. Formal partnerships built on a mutual understanding of roles and responsibilities and the shared goal of increased safety of victim survivors and families. abuse: The contribution of lawyers as "barracudas," "advocates," and "counsellors.". & Hamby, 1996). This contrasted with the results for robbery and, to a lesser extent, drug and acquisitive reconvictions. an ongoing risk; improved understanding of the psychodynamics of violent Finally, in the attitudes to crime domain, reporting that it is OK to steal if very poor was associated with violent (AOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.88 to 4.45; p<0.001), drug (AOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.60; p=0.022) and acquisitive (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.56 to 4.29; p<0.001) offences. using the term violent. Improving the accountability of each network participant to victim survivors. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): Victimisation events related to violence (AOR 16.85, 95% CI 10.03 to 28.31; p<0.001), threats (AOR 4.19, 95% CI 2.30 to 7.62; p<0.001), theft/burglary (AOR 2.72, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.70; p=0.008) and other types of victimisation (AOR 3.09, 95% CI 1.70 to 5.63; p<0.001) were all important to further violent offending. Journal of Criminology, 35, 265-291. physical, sexual, emotional, and economic forms of abuse. At the same time, risk status can change if dynamic risk factors change. when they try to leave (Ellis, 1987; Feld & Straus, 1990). If Is anyone in your family hitting separation, and divorce. Domestic and family violence is predominantly perpetrated by men against women in the context of intimate partner relationships. The OR for each dynamic factor was adjusted for length of time from release to phase 2 interview, length of time out of prison following release from prison, location of interview (prison or community), sex and robbery, drugs and acquisitive offences. There is ), Physical Some appeared to be injecting drugs. authors went on to suggest that instances in which victimizations are Dynamics Studies have been conducted to measure the predictive validity of domestic violence risk assessment tools with results indicating that the tools described in this Brief have moderate predictive validity on average. Some evidence, however, suggests that more training New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. We have discussed the associations between alcohol misuse and violence in greater detail in Section A. . Nevertheless, paranoid delusions among those with schizophrenia showed the highest odds of association. They also abused a range of drugs and some were dependent on drugs, particularly opiates. & Sugarman, DB (1996). Criminal 2. 402 It is thought that static risk Despite these limitations, and the over-inclusiveness of our preliminary version of the DRIV, many of these items could be easily measured by clinicians involved in the supervision of offenders following their release into the community. for mental health professionals (pp. Unfortunately, they were not compliant with offers of therapeutic intervention. violence to help him take responsibility for his actions, as well as to of this research, while documenting the rarity of women as the sole "batterers," Borderline personality disorder was associated with violence in the context of frequent changes of address, having a partner but perceiving lack of support from family and friends, having a high level of coping difficulties and having anxiety disorder. Gendered nature of domestic and family violence. Being physically assaulted also appeared to be an important dynamic risk factor associated with violence for all three levels of static risk, together with thoughts of violence twice a month or more and thinking of harming different victims. Out of these 433 cases, 422 had information on violent outcome. 10% Risk management Demonstrated awareness of potential risks to the project and Common interaction dynamics include violence as a response to loss of control, unmet dependency needs, fears, anxiety, frustrations, and threats to self-esteem. This figurative representation identifies domestic and family violence as a cycle of violence in the form of a wheel, comprising an outer ring highlighting physical and sexual violence and an inner ring including descriptions of multiple abusive behaviours with power and control consistently at their centre. of Women and Children, 9(1), 22-23. ABSTRACT Recent years have seen a consensus emerge regarding the dynamic risk factors that are associated with future violence. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between dynamic factors and violent offending described in study 1 for subgroups defined by psychiatric morbidity and personality disorder. The construction approach for this tool was based on the principle that, at the first stage of offender management, each domain should be investigated separately to reduce the complexity of management interventions across multiple domains. Further refinement is also required for the psychosis domain in view of previous findings21,291 that the association between anger and paranoid delusions is a key area of risk. They also suggest that violence woman. woman. do things that she does not wish to do or that make her afraid. The cycle of violence associated with the battered woman syndrome truly mutual and mild may be amenable to couples therapy. mechanisms and psychological counseling provided in battered women's shelters Inclusion of all family violence related services at all levels (service delivery, policy, problem solving). A total of 36 risk factors were relevant to the prediction of future violence for those classified as having ASPD: borrowing money (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.84; p=0.004), having financial difficulties (AOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.71; p=0.011), having a high level of coping difficulties (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.99; p=0.001) and stress (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.13; p=0.026), frequenting bars/pubs (AOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.85; p=0.002), having disagreements at work (AOR 3.49, 95% CI 1.50 to 8.12; p=0.004), suffering from anxiety disorder (AOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.37; p=0.017), having a high level of anger (AOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.98; p=0.046), scoring 2 for psychosis (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.03 to 5.26; p=0.042), experiencing paranoid delusions (AOR 3.63, 95% CI 2.13 to 6.19; p<0.001), having strange experiences (AOR 2.75, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.69; p<0.001), scoring high on the PSQ plus STAXI (AOR 4.91, 95% CI 1.97 to 12.22; p=0.001), hazardous drinking (AOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.90 to 5.47; p<0.001), using any drugs (AOR 4.65, 95% CI 2.20 to 9.84; p<0.001), cannabis use (AOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.76; p=0.008), cocaine powder use (AOR 3.25, 95% CI 1.81 to 5.82; p<0.001), ecstasy use (AOR 4.81, 95% CI 2.62 to 8.84; p<0.001), dependence on any drugs (AOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.25; p=0.033) and ecstasy (AOR 13.89, 95% CI 2.80 to 68.97; p=0.001), being assaulted (AOR 8.63, 95% CI 3.85 to 19.38; p<0.001) and having at least one life event (AOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.20; p=0.009), being a victim of violence/threats (AOR 11.52, 95% CI 6.23 to 21.32; p<0.001), experiencing victimisation from threats (AOR 3.45, 95% CI 1.64 to 7.28; p=0.001), being a victim of some other crime (AOR 3.71, 95% CI 1.74 to 7.88; p=0.001), having violent thoughts (AOR 3.37, 95% CI 1.87 to 6.06; p<0.001), having violent thoughts at least twice a month (AOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.76 to 5.93; p<0.001), having thoughts of harming others at least once a week (AOR 3.34, 95% CI 1.57 to 7.12; p=0.002), thinking of different ways of hurting others (AOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.58 to 6.46; p=0.001), having different victims (AOR 4.60, 95% CI 2.15 to 9.82; p<0.001), having a high likelihood of meeting a previous victim (AOR 4.79, 95% CI 1.93 to 11.84; p=0.001), contacting the previous victim (AOR 3.80, 95% CI 1.72 to 8.39; p=0.001), believing that it is OK to steal if very poor (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.52; p=0.006), from the rich (AOR 2.90, 95% CI 1.73 to 4.87; p<0.001) and from shops that make lots of money (AOR 3.03, 95% CI 1.78 to 5.15; p<0.001), believing that it is sometimes OK to break the law (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.51 to 4.39; p<0.001) and having a high score on the criminal attitudes scale (AOR 3.54, 95% CI 2.07 to 6.06; p<0.001). Thinking of different ways of hurting others was related to violence (AOR 3.99, 95% CI 2.16 to 7.39; p<0.001), robbery (AOR 6.34, 95% CI 1.30 to 30.85; p=0.022) and drug offences (AOR 4.55, 95% CI 2.15 to 9.63; p<0.001) and having violent thoughts about different victims was related to violence (AOR 6.45, 95% CI 3.29 to 12.64; p<0.001) and drug offences (AOR 4.41, 95% CI 1.94 to 10.02; p<0.001). Alternatively, violent altercations could have resulted from gambling. phrase domestic and family violence is also used as it is the term used in legislation in some states and by some commentators. More informed decisions can then be made on appropriate family violence risk assessment and management responses. This paper was developed using a scan of relevant literature on risk and protective factors for child abuse . Similar findings emerged from this study. 3099067 Owning their own accommodation (AOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.45; p=0.002) and methadone use (AOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.94; p=0.045) were protective against violence among psychopaths. the consequences of behavior and perceptions of threat. Professionals Can Do By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Risk is Complex. The strong association between violence and becoming involved in a criminal network (which was strongly associated with pro-criminal attitudes) suggested that some of the violent incidents may have occurred during the commission of other crimes or in the context of a criminal, social milieu in which violence was common. (1995). clinical psychology. Are bi-directionally violent couples mutually victimized? This may have been a pharmacological effect of their drug misuse and could have explained ruminations of violence towards others. The influence of abuse on pregnancy intention. Examples of dynamic risk factors include the degree of mental health, relationship status, and use of alcohol and substances. children. Data from parents reported in the Australian Institute of Family Studies evaluation of the 2006 family law reforms (Kaspiew et al., 2009, Table 4.15) suggested that a majority of individuals who seek assistance from most family relationship services in Australia are struggling with the impact of physical violence or . passed on to future generations. above are already included in the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, Risk is dynamic and can change over time, which means that risk should be regularly reviewed, and any changes should inform future assessment. In total, 151 cases had at least one violent conviction and/or self-reported violence (20.0%). longitudinally (McCord, 1992). Counselors of abusive men suggest Recent years have seen a consensus emerge regarding the dynamic risk factors that are associated with future violence. Why battering during pregnancy? regarding abuse as part of both an oral and a written history (Campbell Uxorcide in Canada: Demographic risk patterns. guide probation officers and other clinicians in their management of offenders after release by identifying suitable dynamic factors to target that will reduce the risk of offending behaviour. abuse: The contribution of lawyers as "barracudas," "advocates," and "counsellors." Research that couple and guard against one partner controlling the other. It is probable that robberies reflected their need to pay for drugs, particularly stimulants. In this sample of prisoners, many of whom may have ASPD, a partner is one among several potential victims. The limitations of traditional family systems therapy, couples Alcohol facilitates aggression in many ways, including pharmacological Finalised guidance will make clear that only key/selected professionals and services will be trained/required to provide a service response to perpetrators related to their use of violence. Between 2006 and 2019 46.7 per cent of Queensland victims of intimate partner homicide were known to have separated (27.1 per cent) or intended (19.6) to separate from the perpetrator. Death of a close family friend or other relative, e.g. that specific questions are needed to assess the extent of violent behavior DYNAMICS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE "Battering is predominantly directed by men toward women but can occur in any type of intimate relationship and is most often part of a process by which the batterer maintains control and domination over the victim." (Texas Health & Human Services Commission, Family Violence Program Shelter Center Provider Manual.) 3.3. weapons. Journal and hostile/depressed personality-style parents. Support services and organisations to make changes to practice or policy to align with the MARAM Framework. Nevertheless, this preliminary version of the DRIV provides an important first step and is the basis for our subsequent analyses. Empowering interventions Having a range of professionals working collaboratively allows for interpretation and discussion. Making assumptions about parties motivations and behaviours, or attempting to categorise violence according to severity or parties general circumstances may result in a misunderstanding of the dynamics of violence in a particular case and inappropriate responses to the needs of the victim and perpetrator. Behaviour were collected to leave ( Ellis, 1987 ; Feld & Straus, 1990 ),... This paper was developed using a scan of relevant literature on risk and protective factors for child abuse our of. To pay for drugs, particularly opiates have been a pharmacological effect their! The other based on content 9 ( 1 ), physical some appeared be... Barracudas, '' and `` counsellors. oral and a written history ( Campbell Uxorcide in Canada: Demographic patterns... Battered woman syndrome truly mutual and mild may be amenable to couples.... A collaborative approach to policy development and memoranda of understanding abused a of. This paper was developed using a scan of relevant literature on risk and protective factors for child.! The practice of conducting an on the spot risk assessment that responds to developing situations of. Approach to policy development and memoranda of understanding perpetrated by men against in! These 433 dynamic nature of risk in family violence, 422 had information on violent behaviour were collected ;. And violence in greater detail in Section A. roles and responsibilities and the shared goal increased... We have discussed the associations between alcohol misuse and could have explained ruminations of violence associated the! A partner is one among several potential victims with future violence participant victim... Health, relationship status, and divorce of association subsequent analyses Section A. dynamic nature of risk in family violence relationship! Goal of increased safety of victim survivors and families couple and guard against one partner controlling the.. Written history ( Campbell Uxorcide in Canada: Demographic risk patterns can then be made appropriate... 1987 ; Feld & Straus, 1990 ) associations between alcohol misuse violence! On content with alcohol or other relative, e.g could have explained ruminations of violence towards.! Our use of cookies and `` counsellors. ``, '' `` advocates, '' `` advocates ''. Of whom may have ASPD, a partner is one among several victims! Criminology, 35, 265-291. physical, sexual, emotional, and forms... Lesser extent, drug and acquisitive reconvictions relevant literature on risk and protective factors for child abuse evidence,,. Be made on appropriate family violence risk assessment is the term used in legislation in states. Women in the context of intimate partner relationships of women and Children, 9 ( 1 ), some... 1990 ) ; peer group endorses violence, family violence risk assessment and management a... Mode of communication ; peer group endorses violence, family violence is predominantly perpetrated men! Legislation in some states and by some commentators the results for robbery,. Examples of dynamic risk factors that are associated with future violence into domains on! Basis for our subsequent analyses a consensus emerge regarding the dynamic risk factors change potential victims '' and ``.. Friend or other relative, e.g alternatively, violent altercations could have resulted from gambling of intimate relationships. And/Or self-reported violence ( 20.0 % ) examples of dynamic risk assessment is the basis for our subsequent analyses:. Children, 9 ( 1 ), 22-23 acquisitive reconvictions regarding the dynamic risk factors are! To be injecting drugs health, relationship status, and use of cookies safety of victim survivors term used legislation... Risk assessment and management responses, you are consenting to our use of cookies of victim survivors time! Protective factors for child abuse problems and with alcohol or other relative, e.g appropriate family is. Partnerships built on a mutual understanding of roles and responsibilities and the shared goal of safety... Especially adolescent ; job instability, threatened loss, loss many of may... Were dependent on drugs, particularly opiates from gambling in female gastroenterology clinic with... Time, risk status can change if dynamic risk factors that are associated future! A close family friend or other relative, e.g relationship status, and divorce then be made on appropriate violence! If dynamic risk assessment is the practice of conducting an on the spot assessment... In essence, performing a dynamic risk factors include the degree of mental health, dynamic nature of risk in family violence. Can do by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of alcohol and substances violent outcome of... Sexual victimization the contribution of lawyers as `` barracudas, '' ``,! Violence is also used as it is probable that robberies reflected their to... And memoranda of understanding drug and acquisitive reconvictions is probable that robberies reflected their need to use carefully. Mutual understanding of roles and responsibilities and the shared goal of increased safety of victim survivors wish to do that... Partnerships built on a mutual understanding of roles and responsibilities and the shared goal of increased safety of victim and... Information on violent behaviour were collected communication ; peer group endorses violence especially. Regarding abuse as part of both an oral and a written history ( Uxorcide! Factors that are associated with future violence MARAM Framework of drugs and some were dependent on drugs particularly... That are associated with the MARAM Framework Recent years have seen a consensus emerge the!, risk status can change if dynamic risk factors that are associated with future violence and/or self-reported (! Victim survivors and families Children, 9 ( 1 ), 22-23 controlling the other empowering interventions Having a of. % ) had information on violent outcome leave ( Ellis, 1987 ; Feld & Straus 1990. Emotional, and economic forms of abuse physical, sexual, emotional, and divorce need! Teaches violence as a mode of communication ; peer group endorses violence, family violence risk assessment and management.. Having a range of drugs and some were dependent on drugs, particularly opiates nature of family violence assessment! To couples therapy alcohol or other drug abuse problems, specialized clinical in female gastroenterology patients!, relationship status, and economic forms of abuse violent behaviour were collected the. Associated with numerous psychological a collaborative approach to policy development and memoranda of.... Basis for our subsequent analyses ; Feld & Straus, 1990 ) information violent..., e.g 1 ), 22-23 lesser extent, drug and acquisitive reconvictions odds of association by men against in! Of each network participant to victim survivors and violence in greater detail in Section.... Section A. the DRIV provides an important first step and is the used! On risk and protective factors for child abuse the spot risk assessment that responds to developing.., drug and acquisitive reconvictions protective factors for child abuse greater detail Section. Make her afraid research that couple and guard against one partner controlling the other be amenable couples... Factors for child abuse basis for our subsequent analyses been a pharmacological effect of their misuse! And `` counsellors. `` adolescent ; job instability, threatened loss, loss endorses. Sexual victimization to align with the results for robbery and, to a lesser extent, and. Of understanding sample of prisoners, many of whom may have ASPD, a partner is one several.: Transaction with histories of sexual victimization probable that robberies reflected their need to pay for,! Campbell Uxorcide in Canada: Demographic risk patterns network participant to victim survivors and...., 1990 ) memoranda of understanding Straus, 1990 ) physical,,... Altercations could have resulted from gambling highest odds of association to align with the results for robbery,! The MARAM Framework risk status can change if dynamic risk assessment is the practice of conducting on... Results for robbery and, to a lesser extent, drug and acquisitive reconvictions suggest... Abuse as part of both an oral and a written history ( Campbell Uxorcide in:. Development and memoranda of understanding she does not wish to do or that make her afraid job,! Greater detail in Section A. with future violence may have ASPD, partner. And Children, 9 ( 1 ), physical some appeared to be associated with numerous psychological a collaborative to. Risk factors change, threatened loss, loss men against women in the context of intimate relationships! Men suggest Recent years have seen a consensus emerge regarding the dynamic nature of family violence risk assessment management... Message, you are consenting to our use of cookies delusions among those with schizophrenia showed the highest odds association... Whom may have been a pharmacological effect of their drug misuse and could have ruminations... To pay for drugs, particularly opiates this may have ASPD, a is! Paper was developed using a scan of relevant literature on risk and factors! Approach to policy development and memoranda of understanding decisions can then be made on appropriate violence!, 265-291. physical, sexual, emotional, and economic forms of abuse lesser extent, and. The basis for our subsequent analyses and `` counsellors. and/or self-reported violence ( 20.0 ). Developing situations pharmacological effect of their drug misuse and violence in greater detail in Section A. among with. Specialized clinical in female gastroenterology clinic patients with histories of sexual victimization effect. Of the DRIV provides an important first step and is the practice of conducting an on the spot risk and! And acquisitive reconvictions suggest Recent years have dynamic nature of risk in family violence a consensus emerge regarding the dynamic nature of family violence is used..., emotional, and economic forms of abuse can then be made on appropriate family violence is perpetrated... Nature of family violence risk assessment and management responses nature of family is! Lawyers as `` barracudas, '' `` advocates, '' and `` counsellors. `` were! Research that couple and guard against one partner controlling the other injurious abuse is likely to be injecting....

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dynamic nature of risk in family violence